Defining plagiarism in the digital age Annotated Bibliography

Defining plagiarism in the digital age - Annotated Bibliography Example The author strives to make it clear through several studies done before.Samples of what different students say in explanation of plagiarism issue give ground to think of the problem in a more global scope. The author states it clearly by asking himself as follows: â€Å"In this age of file-sharing, mashups, Wikipedia, and music sampling, has the practice of borrowing without asking become more pervasive†? In the course of time, plagiarism is said to change every now and then. The author brings it to a reader’s mind that plagiarism has been taken for granted, as students don’t think it is bad. In my opinion, the article fully supports my opinion that â€Å"plagiarism causes a lack of formation of intelligence.† It is a hazardous phenomenon in the age of high technologies and Web 2:0, in particular. Hence, the message by the author urges to break down any idea of counter attitude toward plagiarism as something needful for students. Digital innovations throug h the Internet prevent students from writing their papers alone, without any help of custom-writing services. This is why the article describes the core of the problem in detail. Thus, the formation of intelligence among students tends to get delayed, since Internet technologies grow quicker than ever before. This is why a gap in growing wiser is inevitable for students full of digital experience worldwide. This trend seems never ending for academic sustainability of universities today. Hence, it is about time to keep a strict eye on this issue.

Nike and International Labor Practices Case Study

Nike and International Labor Practices - Case Study Example Nike experienced some problems in the 1990s with respect to their labor policies primarily in Indonesia and China. Unions and NGOs accused them of paying wages that were insufficient for subsistence and using child labor. Activists continued to press Nike for action to resolve the labor disputes, but Nike refused to take responsibility. An onslaught of bad publicity resulted in falling sales, plummeting income, and reduced stock value. In 1998, after Nike revenue fell, they began to accept the responsibility for the contractors in their outsourced business model. The financial cost to Nike has been estimated at $400 million for failing to address the issue promptly. Nike is secure in its market sector for the near term. There are only a few companies that can match Nike's ability to advertise and market their product. They have the largest market share and even a merger between number 2 and 3 could not exceed them. Adidas-Reebok and New Balance combined still come in behind Nike. New entrants are not likely to take on these formidable competitors. The large market share that Nike enjoys is also a challenge for them. They can not grow through increased market share. For the near future, they are forced to enter new international markets to sustain the levels of growth they have seen in the last 3 years. Markets in China and India are their primary targets and they have made some progress there. India has contributed substantially to their revenue and they have gained the sponsorship of the Beijing Olympics. Nike has considerable brand recognition and customer loyalty. They have made use of leading sports figures to market their products with great success. Their well-known logo, the 'Swoosh', is easily one of the most recognized symbols in marketing. In concert with their strong financial position Nike is well positioned. However, they must continue to be vigilant to avert the public relations disaster of the past. Nike should be a world leader in the movement in international worker's rights movements. Their recent recovery indicates they have the confidence and the support of the market when they take action to correct the faults of the past. However, they will be subject to public scrutiny. They need to be pro-active at correcting and improving their image with the public through community charity programs. With their market position, their history of innovative marketing, and their ability to set trends they should be well positioned to overcome any damage that their reputation has suffered. CASE ANALYSIS Throughout the 1990s, Nike was repeatedly accused of violating fair labor practices through their affiliation with international contractors. Nike consistently denied any wrongdoing and contended that any violations were the fault of the contractor and not Nike. Several groups formed alliances to come to the aid of the workers primarily in Indonesia and China. These groups came from international rights groups, competitors, US activists, students, and possibly even the Indonesian government. International watchdogs accused Nike of failing to pay an adequate wage. They allied with religious groups on ethical grounds. As early as 1991 the Asian American Free Labor Association (AAFLI) and the Institut Technology Bandug (ITB) had published reports critical of corporate practices in Indonesia (Spar 153-154). They had an international responsibility to bring these issues to light and

Thomas Struths Expedition reveal about Photography Essay

Thomas Struths Expedition reveal about Photography - Essay Example The essay "Thomas Struth’s Expedition reveal about Photography" talks about Expedition about Photography by Thomas Struth. The artist presents in a landscape format or as portraits to highlight different themes as thought out most of these photographs. The photography according to Thomas Struth attempts to answer questions about self as seen by the audience. It is worth noting that the photography by Thomas Struth is mainly landscapes that are shown in different compositions, color and detail. However, an important part of the photography that has been exercised by the contemporary photographers is the use of portraits that also form a big part of photography collections found in galleries. Additionally, the photography by Thomas Struth is sincerely portrayed in that the artist attempts to bring out true life situations that make the audience trust the message in the portraits. The portraits are brought out in a natural way that brings about the true relationship between form and content, which makes it possible to identify with the photographer. Once a person comes into contact with the portraits captured by Thomas Struth, for instance the Giles Robertson, Edinburgh 1987, there is a communication bond that is created between the audience and the photograph, whereby the audience would be asking itself what the photograph represents in a continuous dialogue. This shows that the images in the portraits actively show that Thomas Struth prioritizes the perception of his audience.

Assignment-Synthesis of a Protein Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment-Synthesis of a Protein - Lab Report Example Errors in protein synthesis produce polypeptides displaying a gain of toxic function which may confer an alternate or pathological function on a normal, folded protein. In case of enzymes, the hydrophobic core provides structural stability for the molecule and amino acid changes may result in unstable protein product that is temperature sensitive. As the catalytic site of the enzyme is extremely sensitive, a single point mutation (either a deletion or insertion or substitution) may completely abolish function. 5. The above sequences represent those of eukaryotes as the intron or the non-coding region (codons from 24 to 66, including 66) had to be removed before translating it into a polypeptide or a protein. Whether sequence is eukaryotic or prokaryotic, it can be identified by the presence of introns and exons. In the case of prokaryotes, the initial RNA molecule or initial transcript is equivalent to the final mature RNA. In most eukaryotic genes, the initial transcript is processed so that the mature RNA is different. Most eukaryotes have genes that contain introns that do not code for polypeptides. However, prokaryotic genes do not contain introns. Eukaryotic RNAs, after transcription, have the intron sequences that are removed/ spliced in order to produce the final mature RNA. The sequences in eukaryotes that are represented in the final RNA and code for amino acids in a polypeptide are called exons. 6. The tRNA anticodon sequence that would build this protein is complementary to the mRNA sequence. The tRNA anticodon bonds to a given mRNA codon, by hydrogen bonding between A-U pairs and C-G pairs. The above sequence represents the intron or the non-protein-coding region of the initial mRNA transcript. The intron sequences are spliced in order to produce the final mature RNA in eukaryotes. Introns play important roles in gene regulation. One of the functions of introns is that they

Strategic Management and Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic Management and Leadership - Assignment Example Its main competitors include Kmart, Targets, and Canada’s The Real Canadian Superstore (Wal-Mart stores Inc. 2014). If we talk about the rationale for growth and the success of the Wall Mart stores then there are many of the indicators which show the real success story of the company. The Wall Mart managers took many of the decisions which are the real cause behind their success and the growing development. These strategies may include the reduction in the intermediaries in its supply chain the direct relationships with the customers can increase the likelihood of development and success. Another strategy is the use of modern technology in its operations and processes, therefore almost every single operation at Wall Mart is now computerized and technology based and thus we can say that this involvement of technology is actually meant for the reduction in costs and also for time saving (Hoskisson, 2014). According to the recent research studies, there are almost 245 million customers who regularly visit Wall Mart stores in nearly 27 countries globally. The annual sales for the last year were appro ximately 473 billion dollars. This number of sales is a sign of popularity and the successful operations of the Wall Mart. Wall Mart is covering at least 25 % market share of the target market as compare to the other competitive stores (Wall Mart Stores Inc. 2014). Conversely, all other operations of the company have been attributed to good management that has put it at the top. Understanding customer needs helps in developing organizational culture that enable organizations develop and maintain competitive advantage (Hoskisson, 2014). Thus, various aspects of management have been documented to contribute to the success of a company. One of the most important reasons behind the success of the Wall Mart is the efficient cost management which helps to support the large network of Wall Mart Stores. Business expansion strategy is another

Genetic Fingerprinting in Paternal Testing and Forensic Science Research Paper

Genetic Fingerprinting in Paternal Testing and Forensic Science - Research Paper Example Introduction Genetic fingerprinting is a technique that relies on exploiting the differences between human DNA sequences, particularly in variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs), for identification. Predominantly the technique is used in paternity testing and the forensic sciences, and can be used as evidence in a criminal trial (Sheindlin 1996). The use of these VNTRs relies on the fact that these are highly variable between non-related humans and so any matches that are made, either between two individuals or forensic evidence and an accused, is not likely to arise by chance (Toth 1997). The purpose of this essay is to explore the applications of genetic fingerprinting technology in paternal testing and forensic science, as well as highlighting some of the pitfalls of using such technology, particularly in a legal setting. Genetic Fingerprinting The principles of genetic fingerprinting rely on the differences between human genomic sequences. Although 99% of the human genome is the s ame in structure, there are certain differences (known as polymorphisms) that are distinctly different in individuals that are not related. For example, VNTRs, particularly short tandem repeats (STRs or microsatellites) are molecular markers that are extremely prone to mutation (Gill et al 1987). All human genomes contain STRs, but these vary hugely between populations and within them, to the extent that 1 in 5 million people will have the same sequence by chance (Jeffreys, Wilson & Stein 1985). Any technique that can ascertain whether two DNA samples match will, therefore, reduce the possible number of perpetrators hugely, making genetic fingerprinting immensely useful to the law. Related individuals also have similarity due to the STRs being co-dominant; each offspring will have one allele from each parent. It is this fact that makes genetic fingerprinting useful in paternity testing (Jeffreys et al 1985). Genetic profiling can occur in a number of ways. One of the most common is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which amplifies the amounts of a specific DNA sequence, which is evidently useful when working with known STRs. This is achieved using oglionucleotide primers as well as a DNA polymerase, with the primers targeting a specific STR and the DNA polymerase amplifying them for analysis (Welsh & McClelland 1990). It is important that multiple STRs are analysed using PCR, because each individual one can be shared by around 5-20% of the population (Sheindlin 1996). Using multiple STRs for analysis greatly increases the probability that an exact match will be made for whatever reason the analysis is occurring. This method relies on the principle of independent assortment, and the product rule for probabilities means that the chance of someone having the same alleles at multiple STR loci decreases with the number of loci analysed. Genetic Fingerprinting in Paternal Testing It is because of the nature of VNTRs that makes them useful for paternal testing; because they are co-dominantly inherited, each individual will inherit one copy from each parent. This means that when trying to ascertain paternity, an individual will have the same sequence at each VNTR locus as the father (as well as one from the mother at the corresponding locus). If the mothers VNTR genotype is known, then these

Free Markets are Efficiency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Free Markets are Efficiency - Essay Example In addition, the paper also focuses on the criticism and arguments surrounding the free market concept. The efficiency of free markets surrounds the effectiveness of an economy in the allocation of resources. The efficiency of a free market is dependant on satisfaction of several conditions that permit the agents in that economy to trade freely and attain the market equilibrium in quantity and price. For the purpose of this paper, a free market is one that has negligible government interference, or no such interference (Argelis & Pitelis, 2008: 1). With this in mind, we may define a free market as a market where the agents engage in selling and buying activities on own consent, without any legal compulsion. The prices at which a trade transaction takes place, or the quantities traded are not under control (direct or indirect) of third parties in the market. In essence, this implies that the market operates without legal restrictions or regulations. Simply, a free market is one where buyers decide freely the commodities to buy and their quantities at the prices of the sellers and sellers choose freely the commodities they are willing to manufacture and sell at their price that they decide to sell. The first welfare theorem or the invisible hand proposes that a free market provides a channel through which an economic system is able to reach the ideal level of production. According to Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations, the different traders, like butchers and brewers, do not offer their services out of benevolence, but with a consideration of their own gains (Chang, 2002:5). Kenneth Arrow and Gerald Debreu later mathematically confirmed this theorem, indicating that in the event that all possible gains are exhausted from the exchange, then the free market attains an equilibrium equivalent to the Pareto efficiency in allocation of resources. In economics, the allocation of resources is Pareto efficient if there is no other feasible allocation preference by one pa rty, and which the other party equally likes, therefore making any further mutual benefiting allocation impossible (Hayek, 1945). For instance, party A and party B engage in a trade exchange. After several exchanges with emphasis on their level of endowment, party A and party B will reach a position on the curve (B and C), which is the Pareto optimal point of resource allocation (Lott, 2007: 82). The curve demonstrates the dual benefits of both parties for both reaching an equilibrium benefit of transfer and guiding the economy towards an outcome that observes the Pareto efficiency. Fig 1: Pareto optimality graph. From http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/images/fig8_1.gif&imgrefurl=http://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/08_construction_pricing_and_conctracting.html&usg=__d69xypDoP0EqqL9D0orgPd46Ezw=&h=399&w=404&sz=5&hl=en&start=3&sig2=s1ZXuuc1Dtp3tLmn-opTVA&zoom=1&tbnid=AORY7mH4F1EvoM:&tbnh=122&tbnw=124&ei=uZDpTrifAsqZiQfMnYWyBw&um=1&itbs=1 The Pareto-efficient outcome is only attainable on the certain conditions that are generally not applicable in practice, despite the mathematical proof by Kenneth Arrow and Gerald Debreu (Mankiw, 2009:153). These conditions include, but not limited to, imperfect competition like a monopoly, inevitable provision of public goods, presence of externalities, negligible transaction costs that are difficult to achieve, and social priorities that often favor a particular