Greenspan - The Case For The Defence :: essays research papers

My fascination with the Judicial System mental synthesis of todays society was furthered and strengthened after(prenominal) reading and analyzing the works of Edward Greenspan.This superbly written biography recollecting past cases and important events in Greenspans life catered myself, the reader, to learn more more or less Jurisprudence and the Criminal Code. The wide-cut casebook revolves around several main themes including the balance of Positive & Natural influences in the courtroom, whether a lawyers consience intervenes with his duty as a counsellor, and the alarming rate of perjury occuring in front of the juries. To be more concise and readable to the point, Greenspans book is a diary of controversial and beneficial issues which retain hovered around our criminal courts and depart continue to plague and pester them for years to come. By observing and understanding certain issues presented in his book, I was able to hide what type of person Greenspan is, what he be lieves in, what he represents and what he would do for his profession.The wheels of Jurisprudence are always turning, and I came to realise how Greenspan worked and bargained for his status in the country to be solidified. This book also flourished with ripe situations pertaining to the most diversified of criminal charges, to the most uncanny regions of law ever dealt. It was this thorough look at Greenspans life which strike this reviewer the most.It was quite clear that after the fourth page, I came upon the conclusion that this casebook would create a most influential reaction to anyone who had displayed any engross towards our Law system in general. Part One of the novel, No Little Clients, presents the reader with the authors proposed thesis. His ambition is to defend simple people accused of crimes. Whether they are innocent or guilty without world proven guilty is irrelevant to Mr. Greenspan. A lawyers consience must not be his deciding factor when advising or counselli ng a client. This viewpoint is elaborated in Part Two (Not Above The Fray) and explained frivolously by Greenspan himself. Throughout the entire novel, the theme bends and curves itself around different and indispensable situations, but retains its original signification that no one is guilty until proven so. Greenspan refers to this phrase countless times and explains to the reader that he will not allow his moral beliefs to conlfict with the path of judge (delicately and persuasively explained by both Greenspand and the co-author, George Jonas in Parts Four, Five and Six of the novel).Greenspan - The Case For The Defence essays research papers My fascination with the Judicial System Structure of todays society was furthered and strengthened after reading and analyzing the works of Edward Greenspan.This superbly written biography recollecting past cases and important events in Greenspans life allowed myself, the reader, to learn more about Jurisprudence and the Criminal Code. The entire casebook revolves around several main themes including the balance of Positive & Natural influences in the courtroom, whether a lawyers consience intervenes with his duty as a counsellor, and the alarming rate of perjury occuring in front of the juries. To be more concise and clear to the point, Greenspans book is a diary of controversial and beneficial issues which have hovered around our criminal courts and will continue to plague and pester them for years to come. By observing and understanding certain issues presented in his book, I was able to comprehend what type of person Greenspan is, what he believes in, what he represents and what he would do for his profession.The wheels of Jurisprudence are always turning, and I came to realise how Greenspan worked and bargained for his status in the country to be solidified. This book also flourished with innovative situations pertaining to the most diversified of criminal charges, to the most uncanny regions of law ever dea lt. It was this thorough look at Greenspans life which impressed this reviewer the most.It was quite clear that after the fourth page, I came upon the conclusion that this casebook would create a most influential reaction to anyone who had displayed any interest towards our Law system in general. Part One of the novel, No Little Clients, presents the reader with the authors proposed thesis. His ambition is to defend innocent people accused of crimes. Whether they are innocent or guilty without being proven guilty is irrelevant to Mr. Greenspan. A lawyers consience must not be his deciding factor when advising or counselling a client. This viewpoint is elaborated in Part Two (Not Above The Fray) and explained frivolously by Greenspan himself. Throughout the entire novel, the theme bends and curves itself around different and unavoidable situations, but retains its original meaning that no one is guilty until proven so. Greenspan refers to this phrase countless times and explains to t he reader that he will not allow his moral beliefs to conlfict with the path of justice (delicately and persuasively explained by both Greenspand and the co-author, George Jonas in Parts Four, Five and Six of the novel).

God: Truth Or Myth :: essays research papers fc

     While in High School I encountered all different kinds of people. Some were nice, others were not, and there was forever that small group of guys that always voiced their opinion and let others know what was on their minds. No matter what others thought or felt of their opinion. My friend balance beam was one of those people.     Ray was a very easygoing guy he never started any trouble, never disrespected anyone, and never quit. He always excelled in everything he did, he never let himself quit any activity no matter how hard it was, and if he got a low grade he would approach pattern the material until he got it down pact. I remember one time -when he and I were taking the same English 101 in risque school- when he got back a three page essay and the teacher gave him a B-. Ray almost immediately asked if he could re-do it and the teacher allowed him and anyone else who wanted to re-do it. If it had been me, I would have settled for the B- but no not Ray, he took it back re- wrote it and got himself and A+. I remember him saying after getting back the wallpaper     "Thats the way I like it"We all laughed and congratulated him. Though the class was boring we all did pretty good.     I am a strong conceptualiser in God and am very active in my church. Whereas Ray believes there is no God and that the church is all a bunch of "Bullcrap." He is a Darwinist, and a stubborn one at that. The ironic part about this whole situation is that Rays mother is an extremely dedicated Christian. I have tho met her once so I will refrain from going any further with the mentioning of Rays mother. Ray and I have had many debates on whether God exists or not. I recall one evening when Ray came over my house-I had a couple of Christian friends who were already there, it almost seemed as if we were going to verbally skulk him- and almost immediately a debate sparked up among st the one Darwinist and the other four Christians. That was one of our best debates, we must have spent two or three hours babbling on about God and Dawins theory of evolution. Unfortunately he had to leave so we could not finish our debate, but I believe there will be a time when we will meet to finish our little event.

Everything about Marijuana Essay -- Illegal Drugs Narcotics Cannabis

I think batch drive to be educated to the fact that marijuana is not a drug. marihuana is an herb and a flower. God put it here. If He put it here and He wants it to grow, what gives the government the right to say that God is wrong? (Willie Nelson) Marijuana is a psychoactive product, meaning that it interacts with the central nervous system and can alter perception, mode and behavior. It is widely and lawlessly used by many people all over the demesne. Marijuana is used for its euphoric feeling and pleasure when smoked, but to a fault for its checkup purposes. Marijuana bes from two main flowering plants, marihuana Sativa and Cannabis Indica. Cannabis Sativa plants be generally tall, thin plants with narrow leaves and a rather glint green color. They are natively grown in Mexico, Colombia, Thailand and S awayheast Asia. In contrast, Indica plants grow in hash producing countries like Afghanistan, Morocco and Tibet. They are shorter, have broader leaves and normally look b ushier than Sativa plants. Sativa plants are used more often for smoking, and said to have a stronger effect than the Indica plant. Such plants usually grow in the wild, but some people illegally grow marijuana in their homes, using special lights and development tools. There are many substances in marijuana, over 400 known. The substance that creates a someone to get ?high? while smoking marijuana is called tetrahydrocannabinol (tetrahydrocannabinol). THC is a type of cannabinoid which is a strong chemical in the plant, found in the flower or buds, stems and leaves. The higher content of THC is usually found in the buds, the most smoked part of marijuana. When weed is smoked, the THC goes straight by means of the blood stream, into the lungs and the brain. People usually start to feel ?hi... ...ers are also used to roll loose marijuana. The filled cigar or swisher would be split in the middle, emptied and the marijuana would be added and then the blunt would be rolled. other po pular smoking items are water pipes, or bongs and just normal pipes. Bongs filter out the marijuana through the water and most of the THC is inhaled. Pipes come in many different shapes, colors and sizes and are sold at just intimately any smoke shop. Vaporizers are also used, mostly for medical purposes though, which filter out the marijuana but are very costly. Pot does not eternally have to be smoked. It can be cooked into foods or level off made into teas. Marijuana is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world. After many centuries of using marijuana, it has blend a trend for many people. It is smoked around the world today, and just about anyone can get their hands on this drug. Everything about Marijuana Essay -- Illegal Drugs Narcotics CannabisI think people need to be educated to the fact that marijuana is not a drug. Marijuana is an herb and a flower. God put it here. If He put it here and He wants it to grow, what gives the government the right to say that God is wrong? (Willie Nelson) Marijuana is a psychoactive product, meaning that it interacts with the central nervous system and can alter perception, mood and behavior. It is widely and illegally used by many people all over the world. Marijuana is used for its euphoric feeling and pleasure when smoked, but also for its medical purposes. Marijuana comes from two main flowering plants, Cannabis Sativa and Cannabis Indica. Cannabis Sativa plants are generally tall, thin plants with narrow leaves and a rather light green color. They are natively grown in Mexico, Colombia, Thailand and Southeast Asia. In contrast, Indica plants grow in hash producing countries like Afghanistan, Morocco and Tibet. They are shorter, have broader leaves and usually look bushier than Sativa plants. Sativa plants are used more often for smoking, and said to have a stronger effect than the Indica plant. Such plants usually grow in the wild, but some people illegally grow marijuana in their homes , using special lights and growing tools. There are many substances in marijuana, over 400 known. The substance that creates a person to get ?high? while smoking marijuana is called THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). THC is a type of cannabinoid which is a strong chemical in the plant, found in the flower or buds, stems and leaves. The higher content of THC is usually found in the buds, the most smoked part of marijuana. When weed is smoked, the THC goes straight through the blood stream, into the lungs and the brain. People usually start to feel ?hi... ...ers are also used to roll loose marijuana. The filled cigar or swisher would be split in the middle, emptied and the marijuana would be added and then the blunt would be rolled. Other popular smoking items are water pipes, or bongs and just normal pipes. Bongs filter out the marijuana through the water and most of the THC is inhaled. Pipes come in many different shapes, colors and sizes and are sold at just about any smoke shop. Vaporiz ers are also used, mostly for medical purposes though, which filter out the marijuana but are very costly. Pot does not always have to be smoked. It can be cooked into foods or even made into teas. Marijuana is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world. After many centuries of using marijuana, it has become a trend for many people. It is smoked around the world today, and just about anyone can get their hands on this drug.

Employee Engagement Essay -- Human Resource Management

IntroductionThe employee affair has become a hot topic of discussion in the corporate world. There is no single accepted translation of liaison or recognised approach for measuring or raising it. HRM Practitioners have involved in quite a lot of study to visualize employee engagement and its impact on the performance of the organisation. According to them, employee engagement is a train of commitment and involvement of employees towards their organisation and its value. An engaged employee works with his/her colleagues to improve their productivity within their job, for the ultimate benefit of the organisation. This constitution critically reviews MacLeod Report (2009), Engaging for Success and analysis its suitability as an engagement model for the organisations to adapt. Also, this paper suggests an alternative engagement model, which can be applied and adopted by the organisation for achieving their strategic objectives. Employee EngagementThe employee engagement is a relat ively new termination in the corporate world. Due to the global nature of work and diversity of workforce, it has become a key part of competitive advantage for many organisations. The engagement at work was conceptualized by Kahn (1990694) as the harnessing of organisational members selves to their work roles in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively and emotionally during role performances. The other related become to engagement in organisational behaviour is the notion of flow. Csikszentmihalyi (1975, 1990) defines flow as the holistic sensation that people feel when they act with total involvement. Thus employee engagement is the level of commitment and involvement, which an employee has towards ... ...selid, M.A. 1995. The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity and corporate financial performance, Academy of Management Journal, Vol 38, pp635-670.Kahn, W.A. (1990), Psychological conditions of personal engageme nt and disengagement at work, Academy of Management Journal, Vol 33, pp692-724MacLeod, D. and Clarke, N. (2009), Engaging for success enhancing performance through employee engagement, London Department for Business, Innovation and SkillsOsterman P (1994), How Common is oeuvre Transformation and How can we Explain who Adopts it? Results from a National Survey, Industrial and Labor Relations Review,47.Pil, F.K. and McDuffie, J.P. (1996), The adoption of high involvement work practices, Industrial Relations,Vol 35pp423-455Vodafone Site http//www.vodafone.com/start/responsibility/employees.html

In the Skin of a Lion Essay -- essays papers

In the Skin of a lionHistorical Obliviousness in Michael Ondaatjes In the Skin of a Lion Michael Ondaatjes In the Skin of a Lion narrates the forgotten stories of those who contributed to the building of the city Toronto, particularly immigrants and marginal individuals. In the very first page of the novel, Ondaatje stresses the concern with in-person narratives and the bend of story corpulent This is the story a young girl gathers in a car during the early hours of the morning ... She listens to the man as he picks up and brings together variant corners of the story... (4). Similar to Crossing the River, there is a framework story, that of a man telling a story to a girl, that opens and ends the novel and gives coherence to the many personal narratives. Patrick has an audience at two narrative levels, namely, Hanna at the textual level and the reader at the extra textual one. The reader is the recipient of the macro story, which is Patricks coiffure of storytelling, as well as of the micro stories contained in it. Like Phillips novel, Ondaatjes has a circular quality that makes stories transcend time and space In the Skin of the Lion ends where it starts. The structure of the novel resembles a Chinese box since a series of interrelated stories form concentric circles, all of which converge in Patricks act of telling a story to Hanna. He saw himself gazing at so many stories ... He saw the interactions, saw how each one of them was carried by the strength of something more(prenominal) than themselves ... His own life was no longer a single story but part of a mural, which was a falling together of accomplices. Patrick saw the terrific night web --all these fragments of a human order... (145) Simil... ...y. In the Skin of a Lion creates an intimate space where the silenced, marginal and ex-centric author and tell their own stories. Ondaatjes characters form a polyphony of voices even if not all the characters are narrators of thei r own stories, the reader gets to know their perspectives. He/she has access to the psychic and spiritual life of most(prenominal) of them mainly through Patrick Lewes story and through a third person narrator. The stories are fragmented and somehow indeterminate. There are many silences and absences that call for an restless participation on the part of the reader who tries to put the pieces of the puzzle together. As in Phillips novel, the privileging of fragmented plural perspectives is an effort to avoid the closure and totalisationthat characterise headwaiter narratives and celebrate the openness and heterogeneity of human experience.

In the Skin of a Lion Essay -- essays papers

In the p are of a LionHistorical Obliviousness in Michael Ondaatjes In the Skin of a Lion Michael Ondaatjes In the Skin of a Lion narrates the forgotten stories of those who contributed to the building of the city Toronto, particularly immigrants and marginal individuals. In the very first rogue of the romance, Ondaatje stresses the concern with personal narratives and the act of storytelling This is the story a young girl gathers in a car during the early hours of the morning ... She listens to the man as he picks up and brings together various corners of the story... (4). Similar to Crossing the River, there is a framework story, that of a man telling a story to a girl, that opens and ends the novel and gives coherence to the many personal narratives. Patrick has an audience at two narrative levels, namely, Hanna at the textual level and the indorser at the extra textual whizz. The reader is the recipient of the macro story, which is Patricks act of storytelling, as well a s of the micro stories contained in it. Like Phillips novel, Ondaatjes has a circular quality that makes stories transcend time and stead In the Skin of the Lion ends where it starts. The structure of the novel resembles a Chinese box since a series of interrelated stories form concentric circles, all of which fill in Patricks act of telling a story to Hanna. He saw himself gazing at so many stories ... He saw the interactions, saw how each one of them was carried by the strength of something more than themselves ... His own life was no longer a single story but part of a mural, which was a go together of accomplices. Patrick saw the wondrous night web --all these fragments of a human order... (145) Simil... ...y. In the Skin of a Lion creates an intimate space where the silenced, marginal and ex-centric rootage and tell their own stories. Ondaatjes characters comprise a polyphony of voices even if not all the characters are narrators of their own stories, t he reader gets to know their perspectives. He/she has access to the psychical and spiritual life of most of them mainly through Patrick Lewes story and through a third person narrator. The stories are fragmented and somehow indeterminate. There are many silences and absences that call for an active participation on the part of the reader who tries to put the pieces of the puzzle together. As in Phillips novel, the privileging of fragmented plural perspectives is an effort to void the closure and totalisationthat characterise master narratives and celebrate the openness and heterogeneity of human experience.

Carpal tunnel syndrome Essay

Video games are very popular with children all over the world, they keep kids occupied and entertained. A lot of parents are come to about how these icon games are affecting their children. Are these video games good or bad for our children? Video gaming has both positive and negative do on children. Video games are not only entertaining but also educational they create challenges for children to take on in order to decease to new take aims. Video gaming is also very influential with a child. That is why it is very important to monitor children while funing.There are numerous positive effects to contend video games. Playing a video game is a way to exercise the brain, it helps children develop skills like following directions, difficulty solving and hand-eye coordination that develop fine motor and spatial skills. Video games contribute a lot to education, like developing reading skills gamers must read to realise instructions, follow storylines, and get information. Gamer s also become more determined because, usually they dont succeed the first time playacting a level so they try and try again until they move on to the next level.Games can provide a positive outlet for children to release bottled up frustrations the corresponding way many sports like basketball and football do. Video games allow parents to bond with their children and play together and can be something they share in common. Of conformation with every good there is a bad. Most of the bad things about video games are usually blamed on the violence that is in them. Children who play more violent video games are more likely to have more aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Playing too much video game keeps children in spite of appearance and become less social with family and friends.It also causes children to spend less time doing other activities like doing homework or playing sports. Some video games read children improper morals and are easily confused between reality and fantasy. Excessive gameplay can contribute to poor performance in school and also cause a slew of health issues like obesity, video-induced seizures, postural, muscular and skeletal disorders and carpal tunnel syndrome. Children who are spending too much time playing video games may show signs of impulsive behavior and have attention problems. The effects of video games vary on children depending on the kind of parenting.Children usually accompany what they see in these video games so its important for parents to understand their childrens maturity level and what kind of games parents should allow their children to play. We are now living(a) in a sophisticated and high-tech world so video games are essential to the development of children with todays technology. The point is for parents to understand that playing video games have different effects on different children. The positives of video games definitely outweigh the negatives of video games especially with proper supervi sion of the children who play these video games.

Comparative Public Administration Essay

The Arab Spring has created opportunities for countries across North Africa and the Middle East to redesign their constitutions. There atomic number 18 ongoing debates on whether these countries will adopt the Anglo-American pretence or look at other paradigms. Political leadership and scholars devour turned to a number of academic fields such cultural studies, sociology, economics, and polity- devising science in attempt to answers some of these questions. However, no other field of study will provide more insight into the development of these new establishment structures than comparative worldly concern administration (CPA). Simply put, it is the study of compare two or more usual administrations by using multiple disciplines.This definition, however, does not sufficiently describe the complexity of this field or its contri exceptions to other academic areas, government employees, and country leaders. Perhaps the area in which CPA provides the most aid is in its cross-nat ional abstract. Through this inquiry, countries are able to learn from one another. CPA is not limited to cross-national comparison though as it evaluates different administrative processes and systems within countries. To to the full appreciate CPA, however, it is necessary to understand how politics factors into it, its progression over the years, and its analysis towards delineating future challenges to public administration.Politics in CPAThe study of comparative public administration challenges the notion that public administration and politics are separate entities. Specifically, it has recognized that bureaucrats, pressure groups, and elected officials are all political actors in the policymaking process. In Ger many a(prenominal), for example, politics influence policy make upation beca routine the law requires public agencies to consult with interest groups before making legislation and regulations. In other countries like the joined States, public administrators and p ressure groups engage in clientela politics which are mutually dependent relationships. Agencies rely on interest groups not only to shape policies but in addition for their survival. The interest groups lobby politicians and gain public support in order to help the agencies compete for government resources. At the same time, pressure groups eudaimonia by gaining access to the decision-making process where they are able to represent their interests (Peters, 2010, p. 182). Nations with a single dominant party, in contrast, use politics to develop parantela relationships.The Chinese communistic party, for example, works with the bureaucrats on behalf of the interest groups, thereby ensuring policies decisions do not steer away from the partys ideology. CPA also researches politics between public administration and other formal institutions, and it investigates the political strategies each side uses to assert their power and control over policies and budgets. The bureaucrats, for e xample, have technical knowledge and information which they use to their advantage. In Norway, civil servants collect and analyze vast amounts of data to develop complex plans and budgets which politicians do not have skills or the time to understand. The overwhelmed political leaders have little choice but to accept the administrations plans. Another useful device that civil servants use in Japan and France are advisory bodies. Although these advisory boards are attached to the ministries, the members are usually civil servants or interest group associates connected to the government agencies. Thus, the bureaucrats determine many of the lowest outcomes of policies (Peters, 2010, p. 219).Nevertheless, political institutions have their own devices to counter the bureaucrats. Political leaders create their own specialized institutions and counterstaffs to gain independent sources of information. The president of United States has the Office of direction and Budget (OMB) to monitor p ublic expenditures while the Congressional Budget Office oversees the national budget on the legislative side (Peters, 2010, p. 220-221). Executive leaders also hire their own experts such as the Executive Office of the United States and the Office of the Chancellor in Germany. Since civil servants positions are permanent, elected officials exert their policy goals by dint of political appointees as in the United States, Belgium, and France. In Germany, however, the minister may directly replace the senior civil servants with their own personnel (Peters, 2010, p. 226).Changes in CPATraditionally, the field of comparative public administration focused on public administration aspects such as the bureaucratic structures and systems. In recent years, academics have shifted to the theme of public management where CPA identifies best practices to enhance the performance of bureaucracy. The theory of saucy Public Management (NPM) emphasizes generic management and market-based principles . It favors loosening bureaucratic rules to allow more creativity and flexibility, thereby letting the managers manage (Peters, 2010, p. 329). Moreover, NPM encourages competition by privatizing government services.An alternative approach to NPM is the participatory concept of governing. The participatory form streamlines the hierarchy found in traditional administrative system by empowering the lower echelons of civil servants (Peters, 2010, p. 334). Government workers become more productive through sake in policy decisions (Peters, 2010). Other managerial reforms have included performances measures on the managers themselves and on the organization as a whole. This new tactic focuses on making managers manage (Peters, 2010, p. 335).Since employment is typically permanent in most agencies, leaders recognize that this status have made some civil servants comfortable and unmotivated in their jobs. CPA evaluates different methods to measure employee performances and explores differe nt strategies to encourage them to work, including a variety of rewards and punishments (Peters, 2010, p. 336). Organizational performance reviews are challenging since there are many factors outside the agencies control that impact its successes. CPA aids in this process by identifying the indicators of poor performances in organizations, while also taking into consideration the outside(a) influences (Peters, 2010, p.341).Notable Challenges to Public AdministrationThe study of CPA emphasizes a comparative approach to identify new challenges that public administration will face in the 21st century. One such challenge will be the issue of accountability. As mentioned above, many countries have transferred public services to the private sector. However in their attempts to increase efficiency, they have lost accountability. Transparency and ethical standards are no longer guaranteed. In order to solve this dilemma, a restoration of some form of government control is necessary. The ch allenge will be to find new models that balance efficiency and accountability (Peters, 2010).Yet, the biggest challenge will be finding semipermanent economic solutions in the face of demographic changes. In many societies, the over-65 universe of discourse is increasing more than twice as fast as the overall population (Peters, 2010, p.8). Unless policy changes are made, this demographic shift will create unsustainable public expenses leading to budgetary deficits which could compromise pension programs and health care systems. By comparing public policies, governments can analyze policy options and understand the implications of their choices. Some countries have already changed their pension plans by increasing the age of eligibility for retirement however, they may shortly have to make difficult decisions regarding austerity measures such as benefit cuts.ConclusionIt is important to understand that CPA does more than recognizing similarities and differences. CPA provides descr iptive analysis and theories that help advance government institutions, improve government performance, and expand policy options. Before CPA can achieve its purpose, politics must be recognized as an influential factor in the research. In every aspect, politics is involved in the governmental decision making processes, especially policymaking. CPA research explores alternative strategies to improve public management and helps anticipate future challenges. As new regimes are formed, the field of CPA will be a blue-chip source of information to aid leaders in the process of nation-building. In return, existing CPA theories will likely be changed and new theories emerge through the research of the new governments in the Middle East and other parts of the world.ReferencePeters, B. G. (2010). The Politics of Bureaucracy An Introduction to Comparative PublicAdministration (6th ed.). New York, NY Routledge.

Miss Emily Grierson: Her Strength and Weakness as Portrayed in “A Rose for Emily”

In William Faulkners A Rose for Emily, scarper Emily Grierson has been perceived by her townsfolk as an icon and a monu ment, and that her family held themselves a little too high for what they really were. None of the young men were quite good exuberant for throw Emily and such.We had long thought of them as a tableau (Faulkner ). But deep down, Miss Emily was a broken woman, shielding herself from the changes of the world by inhibitory the changes and instead living in a make-believe world where she still was regarded as a woman of dignity.One of the symbolisms used by Faulker to exemplify Miss Emilys resistance to change is Miss Emilys house which had once been in our most select street Miss Emilys house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay higher up the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps (Faulkner ).This exemplifies Miss Emilys personality who has strived to prevent the changes brought about by time within the town that she lived in (Holland 295-96).Emily s resistance to change is also picture in her phone numberions after the demise of her father where she refused to have him buried and told them that her father was not dead. She did that for three days, with the ministers calling on her, and the doctors, trying to persuade her to let them advance of the body (Faulkner Holland 297) as well as when she was visited by the present mayor of the town in order to remind her about the taxes Miss Emily needs to pay, she seriously told them that according to Colonel Sartoris I have no taxes in Jefferson (Faulkner ) and suggested that they should speak with him regarding the matter.This left the mayor and his companions baffled since not only was there no record in their books about such agreement, but also the fact that Colonel Sartoris has been deceased for around ten years.When the townsfolk began to see Miss Emily with Homer Barron, this shocked the town since a Grierson would not think seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer (Faul kner ).They had attributed this to the fact that since in the past, her father had driven away (Faulkner ) all the young men who had tried to court Miss Emily during her younger years. However, because Homer himself had remarked-he liked men and that he was not a marrying man (Faulkner ), Miss Emily took matters into her own hands in order to prevent the change in their relationship from occurring.Miss Emilys behavior was attributed by the townsfolk as something that run in the family and a prove of their proud nature by referring to how old lady Wyatt, her great-aunt, had gone completely crazy at last even with insanity in the family she wouldnt have moody down all of her chances if they had really materialized (Faulkner ).Taking a closer look at the story, Faulkner had given the reader some clues that drove Miss Emily into behaving in a manner that the townsfolk regarded as bizarre.Sigmund Freud had developed the concept of repression on the idea of self-deceit and forgetting things at will at the same time forgetting that such an act has even occurred (Billig 13). One reason for repression to occur is due to the feelings of distress felt by an individual. Distress may be attributed from undesirable changes from one situation to another. This includes changes in time family, economic security that emotional well-being of an individual (Mirowsky and Ross 112).Parents also contribute to the repression as seen in Freuds Oedipus complex where the child acquires habits from their parents. Since what the adult says is more beta than what the child says and the parents would impose things on the child, the tendency of the child is to repress his or her desires (Billig 105). All of these are clearly seen in Faulkners A Rose for Emily.Miss Emilys repression was rooted on the upbringing she had received from her father. Her father indirectly imposed that he would be the only important person in the bearing of Miss Emily and repressed her longing to have relatio nships with other people in her town, specifically with the men. Miss Emily eventually carried this upbringing all throughout her life as if that quality of her father which had thwarted her womans life so many times had been too virulent and too furious to die (Faulkner ).

Bangladesh Media Landscape by Robert

1 Bangladesh Media and Telecoms Landscape Guide May 2012 If you wish to suggest any updates or amendments to this document, please jot Robert Po puff up on Robert. emailprotected org Type text 2 Introduction Bangladesh is a flat and low-lying country that occasion tout ensembley suffers from devastating tidal surges and floods. It is in like manner one of the virtually densely dwell countries in the valet de chambres. The scale of human suffering caused by a combination of high winds, tidal surges and heavy rainstorms is sometimes immense.In 2009, Cyclone Ailia caused a tidal surge that swamp low-lying coastal aras and left over(p) about 500,000 homeless. 80% of Bangladesh consists of flood plain. 75% of the countrys land ara is less than 10 metres above sea level. This makes Bangladesh vulnerable to wage hike sea levels as a result of climate change. Flooding caused by rivers bursting their banks is a big problem in many areas. approximately 20 million the great unwash ed living in low-lying coastal areas are at risk of be flooded out of their homes by rising water levels and tidal surges.The capital, capital of Bangladesh, has population of about 16 million and is one of the largest cities in the world. But 73% of Bangladeshs 164 million population muted lives in rural areas. Most of the population relies on subsistence farming. Rice is the staple crop and the countrys important initiation of food. Bangladesh ranked 146 out of 187 extracts listed in the 2011 UN human being cultivation Index. check to the terra firma Bank, 81% of the population lives in poverty Type text 3 Administrative divisions of Bangladesh reference point http//www. tidingspecialpictures. om/category/map-2/bangladesh-map/ Type text 4 The adult literacy rate was 56% in 2009, according to UNESCO. It estimated that 61% of men could read and write, but plainly 51% of women. Bangla or Bengali is spoken as a depression terminology by 98% of the population. It is the ordained quarrel of political sympathies Bangla is in any case spoken in the neighbouring West Bengal State of India, with which Bangladesh has close cultural and historical ties. Bengalis in twain countries love their language and rich culture. Poets are interior(a) heroes, known to allone.Most educated Bangladeshis still regard the city of Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta), across the border in India, as the cultural capital of Bengal a region that historically takes West Bengal and Bangladesh. many a nonher(prenominal) Bangladeshi families still direct strong links to West Bengal, having left part of their family at that place when they fled clashes between Hindus and Muslims during the division of India in 1947. However, at a political level many Bangladeshis feel ambivalent about India. The intentions of this larger and to a greater extent and to a greater extent than powerful neighbour are astrayly distrusted.Several local languages are spoken in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in South-eastern Bangladesh and in the extreme jointure of the country, where the fix of Indias neighbouring Assam region is pronounced. About 300,000 people in the troubled Chittagong Hill Tracts speak Chakma. The main international language spoken is side of meat. This is a legacy of tight twain centuries of British colonial rule. Type text 5 Bangladesh achieved independence from British colonial rule as part of the Islamic state of Pakistan in 1947.The territory was thence known as East Pakistan, but it was physically separated from the rest of Pakistan by India. The teaching of incline declined following independence from Pakistan in 1971 as Bangla was promoted for nationalistic rea intelligences. However, English continues to be widely used in giving medication activity, backup and the media. It is also widely spoken among the educated elite. English is now making a comeback. many a(prenominal) Bangladeshis regard fluency in the language as vital for get ting well-paid jobs both at home and overseas. About 90% of Bangladeshis are Sunni Muslim. A elevate 9% are Hindu. on that point are small minorities of Christians and Buddhists. Traditionally most Bangladeshis score defined themselves as Bengalis prototypical and Muslims second. However, Islamic fundamentalism has been on the rise since the advance(prenominal) 1990s. Bangladesh split away from Pakistan after a successful armed uprising in 1971, which was backed by the Indian Air Force. This is known in Bangladesh as the War of Liberation. Language and culture was a key factor in the liberation struggle. Bangladeshi nationalists advocated the use of Bangla as an official language instead of Urdu, the official language of Pakistan.Nationalism, democracy, secularism and socialism were the four pillars of Bangladeshs 1972 Constitution. However, in 1988 Islam was made the state religion. Type text 6 Post-independence politics have been marred by a bitter fray between the both mai n political dynasties in Bangladesh. dandy Mujibur Rahman, the compriseing father of Bangladesh, served as the countrys first president until his assassination by military officers in1975. He was the leader of Awami League, compriseed in 1949. His daughter, fop Hasina Wajed, took over the party leadership after his death.She has been Prime Minister and leader of the government since 2009. A p wrinkle political dynasty was founded by General Ziaur Rahman, a military hero of the 1971 revolt once morest Pakistan. Ziaur Rahman, who is widely known as General Zia, became the de facto military ruler of Bangladesh in 1975. He took the helm after several months of instability triggered by the killing of Mujibur Rahman. Ziaur Rahman appointed some of Mujibur Rahmans assassins to senior government positions. This move created a rift between the families of the devil men and has poisoned relations between them ever since.Ziaur Rahman assumed the title of president in 1977 and ruled Bangl adesh until his own assassination in 1981. He founded the Bangladesh nationalist Party (BNP), the countrys other(a) main political movement in 1978. The party is now led by Ziaur Rahmans widow, Khaleda Zia. She served as visor minister from 1991 to 1996 and again from 2001 to 2006. In betimes 2012, with the Awami League back in power, she was leader of the opposition. The personal rivalry and animosity between Sheikh Hasina and Khaleda Zia is intense and has sinister much of Bangladeshi politics over the past 20 days.Both women are in their late 60s. Type text 7 Since independence, Bangladesh has either been ruled by the Awami League, the BNP or a military-led administration. The armys most recent intervention in politics took place in 2007. It formed a caretaker administration after the previous BNP-led government failed to hold fresh elections by the end of its parliamentary mandate. A military-led interim government organised fresh elections in 2008. The Awami League scored a landslide victory, win 49% of the touristy vote and 263 of the 300 seats in parliament.It returned to power in early 2009 with Sheikh Hasina as Prime Minister. This was her second term as head of government. She had earlier ruled Bangladesh from 1996 to 2001. The ideological differences between the Awami League and the BNP are insignifi fuelt, but the animosity between their respective leaders is intense and extremely personal. Sheikh Hasina blames General Zia and the BNP for being close to her fathers murderers, for removing secularism from the constitution, and for rehabilitating collaborationist forces much(prenominal) as Jamaat-e-Islami, which formerly opposed independence from Pakistan.The BNP and Khaleda Zia suggest in turn that Sheikh Hasina and the Awami League are insufficiently Muslim, and that they are in league with Hindu-dominated India. Khaleda Zia filed corruption cases against Sheikh Hasina and her associates while she was in power. Sheikh Hasina has since reta liated in kind. The next parliamentary elections are due in 2013. Corruption is widespread at all levels of government in Bangladesh, especially in the police. Type text 8 The country was rated 120 out of 183 countries listed in Transparency Internationals 2011Corruption Perception Index with a rating of 2. out of 10. Bangladesh at once occupied the bottom rung of the index, but its performance has change in recent years. all(prenominal) few years, Bangladesh suffers from devastating floods, most of which are triggered by cyclonic storms coming ashore from the Bay of Bengal. Only 5% of the worlds cyclonic storms form in the Bay of Bengal, but these cause 85% of the loss of vitality and property inflicted by all cyclones on the planet. In 1991, a severe cyclone killed tight fittingly 140,000 Bangladeshis and made up to 10 million homeless. It sent a six-metre high storm surge of sea water spate inland.Following that disaster, international donors doed Bangladesh to build a m eshing of cyclone shelters along the coast and set up an early sample system for residents in vulnerable areas. Regular TV and strainingr elater set bulletins are issued as cyclones reach key stages of development in the Bay of Bengal. The government also passes warning messages down to local government officials. At moments of extreme danger, sirens mounted on the cyclone shelters are sounded. In 2009 the government used the mobile phone net profit to create an additional wrinkle for distributing cyclone warning messages.It began to riddle SMS cyclone warning messages to all mobile phone owners living in danger zones as danger approached, urging them to urgently seek safety. Casualties have been greatly cut back as a result of these precautions, but powerful storms continue to inflict heavy damage Type text 9 Earthquakes are rare, but when they do occur they stooge be extremely powerful. Only seven earthquakes of over 8. 5 magnitude have ever been recorded in the world, b ut two of those affected Bangladeshin 1887 and again in 1950. The country sits astride three major fault lines. In September 2011 a 6. magnitude earthquake with its epicentre in Sikkim to the north rocked buildings in the capital Dhaka and elsewhere for up to two minutes. According to Professor Humayun Akhter, Head of the Earth Observatory at Dhaka University, a 7. 5 magnitude quake with an epicentre 50km from Dhaka would wreak havoc in the capital. He estimated in September 2011 that such a quake would destroy 30% of all buildings in the city, killing 200,000 people and trapping a further 300,000 in the debris of collapsed buildings. Famine has been a recurring phenomenon in Bangladesh for centuries.However, there has not been a serious hunger crisis in the country since 1974, when over one million people died. New varieties of rice, better farming techniques and improved early warning systems have boosted agricultural output. In most years Bangladesh manages to achieve self-suffic iency in food. Although most of Bangladesh is peaceful, a regional conflict in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) near the Burmese border in the Southeast has been simmering for the past 40 years. This pits indigenous people from the region against settlers from other parts of Bangladesh and the army.The government signed a peace agreement with the hill tribes in 1997, granting limited autonomy to the CHT. Type text 10 However, the promise of self-rule for the CHT was never fulfilled and sporadic violence continues to plague the region. Reports of human rights violations in the CHT are commonplace. In late 2011, there were 28,000 registered refugees from Myanmar (Burma) living in two government-run camps in the South eastern district of Coxs bazar. Nearly all of the refugees were Muslims from the Rohingya pagan pigeonholing. They represented the remnants of an influx of 250,000 refugees from Myanmar in 1991.The Bangladeshi government estimates that a further 200,000 to 300,000 Burm ese live in Bangladesh without formal refugee status. In October 2011 the Burmese government inform that it would take the Rohingya refugees back. The Bangladeshi authorities were keen for them to leave, but by early 2012 there had been no reports of any forced repatriations. The army has not attempted to substitute in politics since it returned Bangladesh to elected civilian government in 2008. However, in 2010 more than 70 people, including civilians and army officers, were killed during a mutiny by the Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) border force.More than 2,100 BDR force were subsequently detained. According to media reports, more than 60 of these detainees died in custody. The army and the police have a poor human rights record. The fast legal action Battalion, an elite anti-crime and anti-terrorism whole set up in 2004, has a particularly bad reputation. It is able to act in secrecy and with impunity. Type text 11 According to Amnesty International, the Rapid Action Batallion has been implicated in the killing of at least 700 people since its formation. It has also been accused of torturing detainees.In 2010, according to human rights organisations, law enforcement officials were responsible for 127 deaths, 101 of which were attributed to crossfire. The Rapid Action Battalion accounted for 65 of the crossfire killings, while regular police were responsible for a further 21. Combined security units of Rapid Action Battalion and police agents were responsible for a further 12 deaths. Type text 12 Bangladesh at a glance Population Main Language Other languages widely used in curriculuming Gross National Income per capita Adult Literacy (15+) $624 (World Bank 2012) 56% (UNESCO 2009) 164 million (World Bank 2010) BanglaEnglish Mobile phones Mobile phone penetration (lines per 100 inhabitants) Mobile web coverage (population) Internet users 87. 9 million (BTRC February 2012) 94% (urban) and 83% (rural) (NMS 2011) 98% (BTRC 2011) 5. 5 million (Internetworldstats . com December 2011) Internet subscribers Ranking in UN Human Development Index 2011 Ranking in Reporters Without Borders World Press Freedom Index 2011/12 3. 1 million (BRTC February 2012) 146 (out of 179) 129 (out of 179) Type text 13 Media overview Television is the most usual root system of intelligence information and diversion in urban areas of Bangladesh.It is also rapidly gaining ground in the countryside. However, wireless still commands large audiences in the rural areas, where 73% of Bangladeshis live. some rural families have no annoy to electricity and are too poor to afford a TV set. radiocommunicationcommunication ownership has fallen steady in recent years and so have radio audiences. The 2011 Nielsen Media and Demographic Survey, conducted by the global media marketing group AC Nielsen, found that radio audience had declined to 15% of the population in 2011 from 36% in 1999. It also found that over the resembling 12-year period access to goggle box in ur ban areas increase from 69% to 91%.In rural areas, the proportion of the population watching television increased even more dramatically from 24% to 67%. The 2011 Nielsen Survey indicated that Bangladeshis who still listen to radio are increasingly correct in on their mobile phones rather than a traditional radio set. It showed that 73% of radio listeners tuned into post on their mobile phones, but only 34% still listened to programmes on a radio set. This change in listening habitsreflects the fact that young urban Bangladeshis frequently listen to music broadcast by FM institutionalises through earphones attached to their mobile handset. Type text 14 However, one in atomic number 23 Bangladeshis do not watch TV or listen to radio at all. The Nielsen survey indicated that 20% of the population has no access to any media whatsoever. It found that 27% of females were unable to watch TV, listen to radio or reach any other media on a regular basis. 13% of males were in the same sit uation. The government began to liberalise broadcasting in the late 1990s. Unusually, it allowed offstage TV spaces to operate before licencing occult radio institutionalises. Bangladeshs first private major planet channel, ATN Bangla, began broadcasting on satellite in 1997.But the first mercantile radio station, tuner Foorti, only went on occupation in 2006. The government-run radio network Bangladesh Betar and state-run Bangladesh Television (BTV) have both lost audiences to private sector competitors in the towns and cities. However, state radio and TV still dominate the air waves at a national level. They are still the only broadcasters that locoweed be received easily in large swathes of the countryside, where the majority of Bangladeshis live. Bangladesh Betar and BTV both strongly reflect the views of the government of the daylight.Their programming is widely regarded as dull and uninspired compared with that of their private sector competitors. Mass circulation intelligence activitypapers remain important, especially in the main towns. The 2011 National Media Survey found that 40% of Bangladeshi men read newspapers at least once a week. The figure for women was much lour at 14%. Type text 15 This reflects demoralize literacy rates amongst women. It also reflects the fact that men tend to control household incomes and that men get out and about much more than the women of the household.They therefore have more opportunity to buy newspapers. Before the government allowed the first private television stations to go on air in 1997, newspapers were the only source of free-living information in Bangladesh. However, the liberalisation of the air waves, the proliferation of mobile phones and the spread of internet access, have dramatically well-defineded up the media landscape since then. Mobile ring ownership has force widespread in both urban and rural areas following a rapid expansion of the mobile telecoms network in the early years of this century.The 2011 Nielsen Media and Demographic Survey found that two thirds of all Bangladeshis over the age 15 owned a mobile handset with an active SIM card. The Bangladesh Telecommunications regulative Commission (BTRC) express there were 87. 9 million mobile phone subscribers in the country by the end of February 2012. This figure implies that one in two Bangladeshis has a mobile phone. However many handset owners have SIM cards for more than one network, so the actual mobile penetration rate is doubtlessly lower. Mobile phones are mainly used for voice conversations.Very few handsets support the alphabet of the Bangla language, so the volume of text messaging is quite low. According to the BTRC, the number volume of SMS messages sent in 2011was 30 million per month. Type text 16 This is the equivalent of one message for every three phones in use. Nevertheless, mobile phones are already being used as a channel to broadcast information. Since 2009 the government has issu ed cyclone warnings by SMS. Members of the public can also dial a piddling ordinance on any of Bangladeshs three mobile phone networks to hear a recording of the la analyse BBC Bangla news headlines. These are updated every hour.Internet use is increment fast from a low base, but access to the internet is still restricted well-off people living in the main towns. According to the website www. internetworldstats. com there were 5. 5 million internet users in Bangladesh at the end of 2011 equivalent to 3. 5% of the countrys population. The BTRC reported in February 2012 that Bangladesh had 3. 1 million internet subscribers, of whom nearly 3. 0 million went online via the mobile telecoms network. The website www. socialbakers. com which measures global internet usage, said more than 2. 5 million Bangladeshis had signed up to Facebook by February 2012.The most usual Bangladeshi news website is that of Prothom Alo (First Light), the countrys top-sellling newspaper www. prothom-alo. com The independent and widely respected news website www. bdnews24. com follows close behind it. News about Bangladesh is often prompt to break online than on local TV or radio. However, TV and radio are still widely regarded as the most authoritative sources of news and information. Type text 17 A 2008 study by the Institute of Governances Studies at BRAC University, entitled The State of Governance in Bangladesh, found that state and private broadcasters both scored highly on credibility.News on private TV was rated as authentic by 82% of respondents to the survey, while state-run BTV scored 78%. Public confidence in the state media was noticeably lower in urban areas, where there is generally a greater choice of media. The BRAC University study found that only 68% of urban residents considered government owned TV and radio to be authentic sources of information. However, the credibility rating of state media in the countryside was much higher at 87%. For many Bangladeshis in ru ral areas, the state radio network Bangladesh Betar is still the main source of news and information.Bangladesh Betar runs 12 regional radio stations as well as a national radio aid. It also runs a special trading Channel for Dhaka. Its broadcasts on FM and Medium shiver cover the entire country. Bangladeshs has only fin private commercial radio stations. All of them are based in Dhaka. Their broadcasts on FM are primarily aimed at urban audiences. Only two private radio stations have broad national coverage tuner Foorti and tuner straightaway. Both have electrical electrical relay transmitters in several boor cities. radio set Today also has a network of regional studios which arrive some local programming. Type text 18 wireless Aamar has one relay station in Chittagong, but Metrowave and alphabet receiving set only broadcast to Dhaka and the surrounding area. The government has so far licensed 14 community radio stations. The first two went on air in 2011. There are plans to establish more than 100 community stations across the country in due course. Private TV stations only distribute their programmes by satellite and cable. Nevertheless, they have come to dominate broadcasting in the towns and cities. Channel-i and ATN Bangla are the most general private TV convey.Government-run BTV is the only station that broadcasts free-to-air from terrestrial transmitters. As such it is the only TV station that can been seen by most people with access to television in rural areas. However, BTVs hold on rural TV viewers is starting to loosen as more and more people in the countryside are switching to satellite television, which allows them to watch private and foreign channels. The largest and most influential Bangla language passing(a) newspaper is Prothom Alo. It sold 437,000 copies per day in early 2011, according to government statistics.The newspapers online version www. prothom-alo. comhasmore than 800,000 readers, according to its editor. Many of these aremembers of the Bangladeshi diaspora living overseas. Prothom Alos stable mate, The Daily Star, is the largest circulation English language daily in Bangladesh. It sells over 40,000 copies per day and is influential in the ruling elite. All of Bangladeshs national newspapers are published in Dhaka. However, oodles of provincial dailies are published in several other cities, including Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Barisal, Bogra and Rangpur. Type text 9 Most private media outlets are broadly aligned with one of Bangladeshs two main parties the Awami League, which is currently in power, or the opposition Bangladesh National Party (BNP). The private media in Bangladesh is mostly owned by large business conglomerates, such as Transcom, Square Group and the Beximco. These groups have extensive interests in manufacturing industry, trading and financial services as well as the media. There are comparatively few genuinely independent media outlets. Many also allow the bu siness interests of their owners to colour their news coverage.Editors and journalists can face pressure or intimidation for contend government policies, and reporting on sensitive issues such as corruption, crime, human rights abuses and illegal business practices. Salaries are low, so many journalists are also open to financial inducements to slant their stories in favour of their paymasters or suppress embarrassing information. Threats from political parties, police and military, extremist religious groups, and other powerful individuals, are relatively common. Bangladesh was ranked 129th out of 179 countries listed in the Reporters Sans Frontieres 2011-12 Press Freedom Index http//en. sf. org/press-freedom-index-20112012,1043. html According to The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) www. cpj. org , 12 journalists were murdered in Bangladesh between 1992 and sue 2012. Most of their killers escaped prosecution. Type text 20 Three quarters of those who died were covering crim e and/or corruption stories at the time. Generally speaking, journalists and editors tread carefully, self-censoring themselves to avoid trouble. The 2009 Right to instruction (RTI) Act allows for freedom of access to information held by public organisations.This has improved the potential for investigative journalism, although so far few journalists have taken payoff of it. Libel, sedition and reporting on national security issues all carry the risk of criminal prosecution. Like other Bangladeshi citizens, journalists can be held for up to 90 days without trial under the 1974 Special Powers Act. A code of conduct for newspapers, news agencies and journalists was issued by the Bangladesh Press Council, a statutory body controlled by the government, in 1993. It was amended in 2002. Restrictions on media freedom have often increased during periods of political turmoil.The authorities have occasionally tried to block access to some websites, citing religious and moral concerns. Accor ding to Reporters Sans Frontieres (RSF) www. rsf. org the government blocked access to the popular social networking site Facebook for nine days in 2010 until it agreed to adjourn cartoons of the Islamic Prophet Mohammed and cartoons of certain Bangladeshi politicians The pro-opposition newspaper Amar Desh was closed for three months in June 2010 after a publishing a report that accused the son of the prime minister of involvement in a corruption scandal. Its editor and main shareholder Mahmudur Rahman was arrested. Type text 21 Rahman, a former energy consultant of the opposition Bangladesh National Party (BNP), was released nine months later. Two private TV stations, Channel 1 and Jamuna TV, have also been shut down by the current Awami League government since it came to power in 2008. Jamuna TV, owned by the Jamuna business conglomerate, was banned in no(prenominal)ember 2009, after 35 days of test transmissions for operating without a licence. Channel 1, whose owner has close links with the BNP, was forced to suspend broadcasting in April 2010after the government accused it of violating unspecified rules.The station is owned by man of affairs Giasuddin Al Mamun, who has close ties to the eldest son of opposition leader and former prime minister Minister Khaleda Zia. Wherever television is forthcoming, Bangladeshis have come torely on TV rather than radio as their main source of news, information and entertainment. By the end of 2011, there were 19 local TV channels available in Bangladesh, only three of which were controlled by the government. Many Bangladeshis with a satellite service also watch Indian channels broadcasting in Bangla and Hindi.The Indian soap operas on Star TV are particularly popular. Over the years, a succession of governments has pledged to turn state TV and radio into independent public service broadcasters, but no convincing move has so far been made in this direction. However, the government has agreed to allow the establishment of a handful of community radio stations. Type text 22 The first two community radio stations opened in 2011 and the government has awarded licences to 12 others. All forget be operated by local NGOs. Academic facilities for journalism training in Bangladesh are quite good.The state universities of Dhaka, Jahangirnagar, Jagannath, Chittagong and Rajshahi all offer graduate and post-graduate courses on great deal communication and journalism. most respected private universities, such as BRAC, the Independent University of Bangladesh, Stamford University, and Daffodils also offer courses in journalism and media studies. In 2007 USAID set up the journalism Training and Research Initiative (JATRI), a professional training centre for investigative journalism. It now forms part of BRAC Universitys Institute of Governance Studies. Type text 3 Media Groups Many newspapers and radio and TV stations in Bangladesh are owned by business conglomerates with extensive interests in manufacturin g industry, trading and financial services as well as the media. The shares of some of these companies are traded on the Dhaka Stock Exchange, but most of them are controlled by rich and politically influential families. The largest and most influential business groups with media interests are Transcom Groupwww. transcombd. com Transcom owns Prothom Alo, the largest circulation Bangla language newspaper in Bangladesh.It also owns The Daily Star, the largest and most respected English language daily in the country. Transcoms broadcasting interests are represented by ABC tuner, a Dhaka-based news and current affairs FM station. Transcoms media outlets are generally perceived as being politically neutral. The conglomerate was founded as a family-run tea plantation business in 1885. Its non-media business interests include electronics, mobile phones, pharmaceuticals, food and beverages. It owns the Bangladeshi franchises for Pepsi Cola, 7-Up, Kentucky Fried sniveller and Pizza Hut. Ty pe text 24 Bashundhara Groupwww. bg. com. d Bashundara Group owns two influential Bangla language daily newspapers Kaler Kantho and Bangladesh Protidin, and an English language newspaper, The Daily Sun. It also owns the bi-lingual news portal www. BanglaNews24. com not to be confused with the more popular www. Bdnews24. com The conglomerates media outlets are held through a publishing subsidiary called the East West Media Group. Bashundhara Group began life in 1987 as a real estate company. It has since diversified into shopping malls, manufacturing industry and the media. It is a major producer of cement and paper products and bottles and distributes Liquid crude oil Gas (LPG).The Bashundhara Group website says the conglomerate intends to set up its own TV channel and radio station in due course. The editorial line of the groups newspapers generally favours the ruling Awami League. Many of their news reports are seen as serving the groups own business interests. Jamuna Groupwww. jamunagroup-bd. com The Jamuna Group publishes the popular Bangla daily Jugantor and is trying to set up a TV station Jamuna TV. The TV station started broadcasting in 2009, but was shut down by the government after 35 days for operating without a licence. Type ext 25 The Jamuna Group was founded as an industrial manufacturing venture by businessman Nurul Islam in 1974. Today it has interests in electronics, shoe and textile manufacturing, construction and chemicals. The conglomerate also owns Jamuna Future Park, one of Bangladeshs largest shopping malls. Jamuna diversified into media with the establishment of Jugantor in 2002. happen upon Group www. impressgroup. com. bd Impress Group is a textiles, garment manufacturing and pharmaceuticals conglomerate which owns Channel i, one of Bangladeshs most popular private TV channels.Its Impress Telefilm subsidiary also produces TV programmes for other Bangladeshi TV channels, such as BTV, ATN and Ekushey TV. Beximco Group www. beximco. net Beximco is one of the largest diversified industrial groups in Bangladesh Its relatively modest media interests include the English language daily The Independent and the Independent TV channel. Beximcos main business activities include pharmaceuticals, ceramics, textiles, garment manufacturing, real estate, and banking. Type text 26 Beximco was founded in the 1970s by two brothers, Ahmed Sohail Fasiur Rahman and Ahmed Salman Fazlur Rahman.The latter is a close advisor to Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed on private sector investment matters. Multi Media Production Company This media group, founded by entrepreneur Mahfuzur Rahman owns two of Bangaldeshs most popular private TV channels ATN Bangla and ATN News. ATN Bangla became Bangladeshs first private TV channel when it started broadcasting by satellite in 1997. Rahman made his initial fortune in the garment manufacturing industry. Diganta Group Diganta Group owns Naya Diganta, a Bangla language daily newspaper, and Diganta T V, a private television channel launched in 2008.Politically this media group is a strong supporter of the Jamaat-e-Islami Islamic fundamentalist party. Square Group The Square Group is a large industrial conglomerate which launched Bangladeshs newest TV channel, Maasranga TV, in 2011. It has invested heavily in hiring leading media personalities to run the new station and has spent lavishly on equipping its studios. Type text 27 The Square Group, founded by business magnate Samson Chowdhury, also has interests in pharmaceuticals, textiles, food processing and healthcare. Type text 28 Radio overviewRadio audiences in Bangladesh have fallen steadily in recent years as people have turned to television instead. The 2011 Nielsen Mediaand Demographics Survey showed that only 15% of the population still listened to the radio once every seven to 10 days, down from 36% in 1995. The same survey indicated that 91% of people in urban areas and 67% of people in rural areas now had access to te levision. Radio stations in Bangladesh are still largely still owned and controlled by the government. The first private radio station, Radio Foorti, only began broadcasting in 2006.By early 2012, there were just five privately owned commercial FM stations on air and the community radio movement was in its infancy. The five private commercial radio stations are all based in Dhaka. They are Radio Foorti Radio Today ABC Radio Radio Aamar Metrowave State-owned Bangladesh Betar is the countrys only nationwide radio network. Type text 29 It operates a chain of 12 regional radio stations which link up with Dhaka for national news bulletins and other networked programmes, plus a Traffic Channel for commuters in the capital. Bangladesh Betars broadcasts on Medium Wave and FM reach all parts of the country.However, Bangladesh Betars news and current affairs coverage is tightly controlled by the government and its programmes are often dull and uninspired compared with those of other broa dcasters. Repeated pledges by government leaders to transform Bangladesh Betar from a government mouthpiece into an independent public service broadcaster have so far come to nothing. Reach of radio (% Population) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1995 1998 2000 2002 National 2005 Year Urban 2006 2008 Rural 2009 2011 (Source NMDS 2011) Type text 30 Most of the private FM stations transmit music and entertainment programmes aimed at an urban youth audience.The notable exception is ABC Radio, a talk station which targets a slightly older audience with a strong victuals of news and current affairs. ABC Radio is owned by Transcom, the same business group that owns Prothom Alo and The Daily Star, Bangladeshs leading newspapers in Bangla and English respectively. Radio Foort iand Radio Todaybothhave a network of FM relay transmitters in several provincial cities. This gives them broader national coverage. Radio Today also has studios in eigh provincial cites which produce some local programmi ng. Radio Aamar broadasts in Dhaka and Chittangong. ABC Radio and MetroWave only transmit from Dhaka.According to the 2011 Nielsen Media and Demographics Survey, Radio Foorti is the most popular FM radio station in Bangladesh, with 47% of the national FM radio audience. It was followed by Radio Today with 28%. The survey found that where listeners have a choice, they regard the private FM stations as being more informative and entertaining than Bangladesh Betar. The government has so far licensed 14 community radio stations. The first two went on air in 2011. Type text 31 Although radio ownership has declined in recent years, more and more Bangladeshi radio listeners are tuning into programmes on their mobile phones.In fact, mobile phones have become the preferred method of accessing radio in Bangladesh, especially for young people on the move in search of music and entertainment. The 2011 Nielsen Survey found that 73% of radio listeners used their mobile phones to tune in to progra mmes, whereas only 34% listened on a stuffy radio set. How Radio Is Accessed (%of listeners) 73 Mobile 34 Radio Others 1 Source Nielsen Media and Demographics Survey 2011 Several international broadcasters target Bangladesh with broadcasts in Bangla and English.They attract listeners because Bangladesh Betar is viewed by most people as little more than a crude mouthpiece of the incumbent government. Type text 32 BBC Bangla, Voice of America (VOA), Radio Deutsche Welle and All India Radio are all respectedas sources of independent news, but they command relatively small audiences. BBC programmes in Bangla and English are relayed on FM by Bangladesh Betars FM 100 station in Dhaka. BBC Bangla programmes are also relayed twice a day by six of the state broadcasters regional stations. Some VOA Bangla programmes are relayed by Radio Today and Radio Aamar.According to the 2011 Nielsen survey, 5% of radio listeners tune in to the BBC, and only 4% to VOA. Radio Deutsche Welle and All India Radio can only be heard on Short Wave. Their audience figures are even lower. Several internet radio stations have been launched in Bangladesh since 2010. These include www. lemon24. com, www. oniyom. com, www. radio2fun. com, www. radiodhaka. net www. radiogoongoon. com. They broadcast popular Bangla songs, and regular news bulletins. However, they only reach relatively affluent members of the educated elite who have access to the internet and Bangladeshis in the diaspora. Type text 3 Community radio is only just coming into existence. The first community radio station, RadioLokobetar, began test transmissions in the town of Barguna in Barisal division in June 2011. It is run by the NGO, Mass Line Media marrow squash. In October 2011, a second community station, Radio Padma, started broadcasting in Rajshahi. It is run by another NGO, the oculus for Communication and Development By the end of 2011, the government had issued a total of 14 licences tocommunity radio stations. T wo were on air and another four had begun test broadcasts. Each one is being set up and managed by a different civil society organisation.The Community Radio advocacy movement was started in 1998 by a network of NGOs and like-minded civil society organizations called the Bangladesh NGO Network for Radio and Communication (BNNRC). This pressure group argued that community radio would help to reduce poverty, eliminate social exclusion, empower marginalized rural groups and encourage the active participation of disadvantaged sections of the population in development. The government approved the Community Radio Installation, Broadcast and Operation Policy 2008 (Bangladesh Gazette, 12 March 2008).The National regulatory Commission on Broadcasting subsequently proposed that a total of 116 community radio stations be established across the country. Type text 34 Community radio stations approved by the government in 2011 Sl. No. Name of radio and Frequency (where available) Krishi Radio, 98 . 80MHz Radio Chilmari, 99. 20MHz Lokobetar, 99. 20MHz Name and address of organisation which will run the radio 01 Agriculture Information Service (Ministry of Agriculture), Amtoli, Barguna RDRS Bangladesh, Chilmari, Kurigram 02 03Mass-line Media Center, Amtoli Hospital Road, (Kathpatti), Barguna Nalta Hospital Community wellness Foundation, Kaliganj, Sathkhira Landless Distressed Rehabilitation Organization, Sherpur Road, Bogra BRAC Mathar Kapon, Chandnighat, Moulvibazar Sadar Naogaon Human Rights Development Association, Ukilpara, Naogaon Young Power in Social Action (YPSA), Sitakunda, Chittagong Proyas Manobik Unnayan society, Belepukur, Chapainawabgonj Center for Communication and Development (CCD), Monafer More, Rajshahi Srizony Bangladesh, Pabahati, Jhenidha 04 Radio Nalta, 99. 20MHz Radio Mukti, 99. 0MHz Radio Pollikontho, 99. 20MHz Barendro Radio, 99. 20MHz Radio Sagor Giri, 99. 20 MHz Radio Mahananda, 98. 80MHz Radio Padma, 99. 20MHz Radio Jhinuk, 99. 20MHz Radio Bikrampu r 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Environment Council Bangladesh (EC Bangladesh), Dewvogh, Munshiganj Broadcasting Asia of Bangladesh, Koyra, Khulna 13 Radio Sundarban, 98. 80MHz Radio Naf 14 Alliance for Co-operation and Legal Aid Bangladesh (ACLAB), Teknaf, Coxs bazar Type text 35 Location of authorised community radio stations Source BNNRC 2011 Type text 36 Radio stations Bangladesh Betar www. betar. rg. bd Bangladesh Betar is the state-run radio network. It is the only radio service that reaches the whole of the country. The flagship Home Service is broadcast from the main studios in Dhaka. Bangladesh Betar also operates 12 regional stations in the following cities Bandarban Barisal Chittagong Comilla Coxs Bazar Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangamati Rangpur Sylhet Thakurgaon These stations transmit on both FM and Medium Wave In addition, Bangladesh Betar runs the Traffic Channelin Dhaka. This broadcasts traffic updates to commuters in the capital on 88. 8 and 103. 2 FM.Most Bangladesh Betar programmes are in Bangla, but some, including several daily news bulletins, are in English. Type text 37 National news bulletins and other networked programmes are transmitted from Dhaka and relayed by the other centres. Some local language news bulletins and programmes are produced in Chakma, Marma and Tipra for the tribes living in the Chittangong Hill Tracts. These are broadcast by the Bangladesh Betar local stations in Bandarban, Rangamati and Coxs Bazar. News bulletins are broadcast every hour. Special programmes for farmers are broadcast daily at 06. 5 in the morning and between 18. 05 and 20. 00 at night. Bangladesh Betar also produces an external service. This broadcasts on Short Wave in Bangla, English, Hindi, Urdu, Arabic and Nepali to Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Bangladesh Betar started life in 1939 as a regional station of All India Radio, broadcasting from Dhaka. After the partition of India in 1947, it became Radio Pakistan Dhaka. At independence from Pakistan in 1971 Bangladesh Betar assumed its present identity. Bangladesh Betar relays the BBC World Service in English and BBC Bangla for 12 hours per day on its FM 100 station in Dhaka.BBC Banglas morning and afternoon programmes are also relayed by the Bangladesh Betar local stations in six other cities. Center Dhaka-Ka Dhaka-kha Dhaka-Ga Chittagong Type text Frequency (kHz) 693 630 1170 873 Meter 432. 90 476. 19 256. 41 343. 64 Power (kW) 1000 100 20 100 Broadcast Time(Local) 0630-1210 and 14302330 0000-0300, 0630-0745 and 0900-2310 1500-1700 0630-1000 and 12002310 38 1080 Rajshahi 846 Khulna Rangpur Sylhet Barisal Thakurgaon Rangamati Coxs Bazar Bandarban Comilla 558 1053 963 1287 999 1161 1314 1431 1413 354. 60 537. 63 284. 90 311. 52 233. 10 300. 30 258. 9 228. 31 209. 64 212. 31 100 100 20 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 277. 77 10 0630-1000 and 12002310 0630-1000 and 12002310 0630-1000 and 12002310 0630-1000 and 14002310 0630-1000 and 14002310 1045-1715 1550-2310 1130-1630 1145-1645 1130-1630 1 600-2310 Bangladesh Betar Medium Wave transmitters Source Bangladesh Betar website Center FM100, Dhaka FM, Dhaka FM 88. 8, Traffic Channel FM 90. 0, Traffic Channel FM (Home Service), Dhaka FM, Chittagong FM, Khulna FM, Sylhet FM, Rajshahi FM, Rangpur Type text Frequency (MHz) 100. 0 97. 6 88. 8 90. 0 103. 2 105. 5 102. 0 105. 0 104. 0 105. 0 105. Meter 3. 00 3. 07 3. 38 3. 33 2. 9 2. 85 2. 94 2. 86 2. 88 2. 86 2. 86 Power (KW) 3 5 10 10 5 2 1 1 5 1 1 Broadcast Time 1300-1600 0630-1200 1415-2315 0800-2000 0800-2000 1730-2200 0630-1000 1900-2310 0630-1000 1900-2310 0630-1000 1900-2310 0630-1000 1900-2310 0630-1000 1900-2310 0630-1000 1900-2310 39 FM, Comilla FM, Thakurgoan 101. 2 92. 0 2. 96 3. 26 2 5 0630-1000 1700-2310 1600-2310 Bangladesh Betar FM broadcasts Source Bangladesh Betar website Director General (news)- Narayan Chandra Sen Tel +880 2 8115072 +880 2 8113356 +880 2 8115079 +880 2 8115036 Emailemailprotected et Address Bangladesh Betar, Agargaon, Dhaka-1207 Radio Foorti ww w. radiofoorti. fm Radio Foorti is the largest private radio station in Bangladesh. It broadcasts on 88. 0 FM in Dhaka and reaches a large audience in the interior through relay stations in the following seven provincial cities Barisal Chittagong (98. 4 FM) Type text 40 Coxs Bazar Khulna Mymensingh Rajshahi Sylhet(89. 8 FM) According to the 2011 Nielsen Media and Demographics Survey, Radio Foorti commands a 47% share of the total FM radio audience in Bangladesh. Most of its programming consists of music and entertainment.The station plays a wide variety of music, ranging from Bengali classics to the latest songs released by top Bangladeshi artists, along with some international tracks. Many programmes are inter-active, relaying phone calls and text messages from listeners. The station first went on in Dhaka in 2006. Since then its FM coverage has progressively been extended to other major cities. Radio Foorti is owned by the MGH Group. This is also has interests in transport, logist ics, aviation services, banking and information technology. Chief Executive -Daniel Afzalur Rahman Tel +880 2 8835747 +880 2 8835748 Email Daniel. emailprotected m Address Radio Foorti, Landmark (8 floor), 12-14 Gulshan North C/A, Gulshan-2, Dhaka-1212 th Radio Today 89. 6 FM www. radiotodaybd. fm Type text 41 Radio Today is a music and entertainment station that broadcasts on FM from Dhaka and seven other cities across Bangladesh. It claims to reach a potential audience of more than 120 million people across the country. Radio Today plays popular Bangladeshi music. It has subsidiary stations which produce several hours of local programming each day in the following provincial cities Bogra Chittagong Khulna Sylhet Barisal Coxs Bazar Mymensingh All broadcast on the same frequency 89. 6 FM.Radio Today is owned by Radio Broadcasting FM (Bangladesh) Co. Ltd. , a company controlled by a businessman with strong connections with the opposition Bangladesh National Party (BNP). It first wen t on air in 2006. Type text 42 The station also rebroadcasts two news bulletins per day from Voice of America (VOA) Bangla. Chief News Editor Rashidul Islam Tel + 880 2 8829293 Email emailprotected com Address Radio Today, Awal Centre (13th and 19th Floors), 34 Kamal Ataturk Avenue, Banani, Dhaka-121 3 Radio Aamarwww. radioaamar. com Radio Aamar is a private radio station that broadcasts round the clock on 88. 4 FM in Dakhaand 101. FM in Chittagong. It carries news, traffic and persist updates, business news, Bangla and English music and phone-in programmes. It also relays 30 minutes of programming from Voice of America (VOA) Banglaevery level. Radio Aamar began broadcasting in 2007. The station is owned by the Uniwave Broadcasting Co. Ltd Type text 43 Chief Executive Zulfiquer Ahmed Tel + 880 2 9886800 +880 2 9861133 +880 2 8832989 Address Uniwave Broadcasting Company Ltd. , Silver Tower (12th Floor), 52 GulshanAvenue, Dhaka ABC Radio FM 89. 2 http//abcradiobd. fm ABC Radio i s Bangladeshs only privately operated news and current affairs radio station.It is based in Dhaka and covers a potential audience of 40 million people living within 80 km of the capital. ABC Radio is owned by Transcom, the industrial conglomerate which also publishes two of Bangladeshs leading newspapers Prothom Alo and The Daily Star. This linkage gives ABC Radio access to the newspapers network of more than 240 reporters and correspondents countrywide. ABC radio was launched in 2009 and is on air 24 hours a day. There are news bulletins every hour. According to the 2011 Nielsen Media and Demographic Survey, ABC Radio reaches 13% of all FM radio listeners. Type text 44It can be heard clearly as far south as Comilla and Chandpur, as far north as Tangail and as far west as Faridpur. Head of News M. Sanaullah Tel +880 2 8142038 +880 2 8189307-10 Email emailprotected fm emailprotected fm Address ABC Radio, 99 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka dish out Center, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka Metro Wave www. metrowave-bd. com MetroWave is a private music and entertainment radio station based in Dhaka. Under the terms of its broadcasting license, the station is required to relay some government news programmes and speeches by the Prime Minister and President. MetroWave is on air on 1170 Khz Medium Wave from 07. 0 until 10. 30 and again from 12. 00 to 15. 00. Its does not appear to broadcast on FM. Managing Director Emran Mahmud Tel + 880 2 9881131 Email emailprotected com Type text 45 Address MetroWave, Electros house (9th floor), 18 Kamal Araturk avenue, Banani, Dhaka BBC Bangla www. bbc. co. uk/bengali BBC Bangla is the Bengali language service of the BBC. It is aimed at Bengali speakers in both Bangladesh and India. BBC Bangla broadcasts to Bangladesh on Short Wave and FM for two hours per day and online through its website. Programming consists of news, current affairs, sports, entertainment and give-and-take programmes.From 2005 to 2010, BBC Bangla broadcast a weekly T V and radio backchat programme called Sanglap (Dialogue)in association with Bangladeshs Channel i satellite TV station. This popular programme aimed to initiate constructive public debate and encourage greater accountability from government and authority figures. It brought ordinary people face-to-face with influential politicians and business leaders and gives them an opportunity to ask questions about issues that matterto them. Sanglap was broadcast from different locations around Bangladesh and claimed a regular audience of 21 million. Type text 46 Itsinspired several other private TV stations in Bangladesh to launch similar discussion programmes BBC Bangla is relayed on FM by Bangledesh Betar in Dhaka on its FM 100station. This also relays BBC World Service in English for 10 hours per day. In addition, BBC Bangla is relayed by the Bangladesh Betar local FM stations in Chittagong(105. 0 FM) Khulna(105. 4 FM) Rajshahi(105. 4 FM) Sylhet(105. 0 FM) Rangpur(105. 4 FM) Comilla(101. 2 FM) Since 2010 BBC Bangla has also offered a dial-in news update service to mobile phone users on Bangladeshs three largest mobile phone networks.By dialing the short code 16262 members of the public can listen to a recording of the latest BBC headlines in Bangla at any time of day and leave their own comments if they wish. The news headlines are updated every hour. BBC Bangla has journalists based in Dhaka, Kolkata and Delhi. BBC Dhaka Office Tel +88 2 9130996 +88 2 9130997 +88 2 9130672 Type text 47 Address, BBC, Dhanshiri Apartments, Flat No. D 602, 35 Indira Road, Tejgaon, Dhaka1215 BBC Bangla Editor Sabir Mustafa Telephone +44 20 7557 1840 Email emailprotected co. k Address BBC Bangla Service, Bush House, PO Box 76, Strand, LondonWC2B 4PH, UK Voice of America (VOA) www. voanews. com/bangla/news VOA Bangla is the Bengali language service of the US international radio station Voice of America (VOA). It transmits to Bangladesh and India on Short Wave for seven hours per week. I n 2009 VOA Bangla said its radio broadcasts to Bangladesh reached 2. 6 million people and that its overall audience, including TV and the internet, was 10 million. VOA Bangla produces a 10-12 minute TV programme every week which is aired by the Bangladeshi private satellite broadcaster NTV.Two of VOA Banglas daily radio news bulletins are relayed on FM in Bangladesh by Radio Today from transmitters in the following cities Barisal Type text 48 Bogra Chittagong Coxs Bazar Dhaka Khulna Mymensingh Sylhet Radio Aamar also broadcasts a 30-minute segment of VOA Bangla programming at 22. 00 every evening from its transmitters in Dhaka and Chittagong. In addition, Radio Aamar broadcasts VOA Banglas one-hour call-in show Hello Washington every Wednesday. VOA Bangla Managing Editor Roquia Haider Email emailprotected om Address VOA Bangla Service, 330 Independence Avenue, Washington, DC 20457 Type text 49 Television overview Over the past decade television has emerged as the most powerful chann el of news and entertainment in Bangladesh. It has displaced radio and newspapers to become the countrys main source of reliable information. The 2011 Nielsen Media and Demographic Survey found that 84% of urban households and 43% of rural households in Bangladesh owned a television set. The same survey showed that 74% of Bangladeshis aged 15 and over watch television at least once every seven to 10 days.The rise of television has been stimulated by a boom in private TV channels, since ATN Bangla became the first private commercial TV station to receive a license in 1997. Seventeen private TV channels have begun broadcasting to Bangladesh by satellite and cable since then. They generally provide more attractive and entertaining programmes than the state-run Bangladesh Television (BTV) network. Type text 50 However, BTV has maintained a strong hold on viewers in rural areas since it is the only TV network that broadcasts free-to-air from terrestrial transmitters.The 2011 Nielsen surv ey showed that 83% of TV owners in urban areas have access to private TV channels via satellite or cable, but whereas only 39% of TV owners in the countryside do so. However, more and more rural households with access to some form of electricity supply are acquiring satellite dishes. As a result, BTVs former monopoly of rural television audiences is being gradually eroded. Satellite TV channels broadcasting from India in Hindi and Bengali are popular for their soap operas, films and sports coverage. ETV Bangla, an Indian satellite channel based in Kolkata,ZTV, Star Plus, Sony TV, and Zee Cinema are among the most popular Indian entertainment channels. Doordarshan, BBC, CNN, and ETV Bangla, are popular satellite channels for news. TV channels charge the highest rates for advertising between 19. 00 and 23. 00, suggesting that this is also the peak viewing period. daylight TV audiences mainly consist of housewives watching soap operas. When their menfolk come home from work in the eve ning, the TV set is often switched over to news and sports channels. There are no dedicated sports channels in Bangladesh, but televised football and cricket matches carried by foreign channels are very popular. Type text 51 Talk shows have become popular in the past three years, in response to the popularity of the BBC Bangla TV discussion programme BBC Sanglap. This ran from 2005 to 2010 on Channel i. Every TV channel now broadcasts at least one talk show per week and these programmes cause considerable debate nationally. Some TV discussion programmes have been criticised for promoting the views of a particular political party or the channels owner, but others are very professionally produced and presented. There are two private TV channels devoted solely to news ATN News and Shomoy.Most of the other TV channels broadcast a mix of news, talk shows, human beings shows, music shows, dramas, movies and other forms of entertainment. The majority broadcast hourly news bulletins throu ghout the day and a flagship news show in the evening. Most also air programmes about development issues such as health, agriculture, and education. Islamic TV, however, carries only religious news and discussions. Viewers in the main cities can access more than 70 TV channels by cable. There are hundreds of different cable networks in Bangladesh. Monthly cable subscriptions cost between 150 and 500 Taka, ($2. to $6. 50). They can easily be afforded by a middle-income family. Type text 52 The extension of mains power supplies, solar power and the availability of low cost TV sets have advantageously increased access to television over the past decade. Rising incomes and the emergence of a large middle class have meanwhile made commercial television, based on the sale of advertising, extremely profitable. Many of Bangladeshs private TV channels have been set up by the countrys largest industrial conglomerates such as Beximco, Square Group and Impress Group.Many of these business grou ps also own newspapers. In early 2012, there were three state-run TV channels and 16 private channels on air in Bangladesh. Government licenses had been granted for a further six private channels. According to the 2011 Nielsen Media and Demographic Survey, ATN-Bangla and Channel-iare the most popular TV channels overall. However, individual programmes on other channels may have higher ratings at certain times of day. The Nielsen survey identify ATN Banglas evening news as the most watched TV programme in the country.It rated NTV as the third most popular station. It has three channels which broadcast a mixture of news, entertainment, reality shows and discussion programmes. People in rural areas without access to satellite connections have no option other than state-run terrestrial channel BTV. Type text 53 BTV is Bangladeshs largest TV station in terms of its studios, staff, equipment and countrywide coverage. It claims that its terrestrial broadcasts cover 95% of the population. B TVs flagship national channel is broadcast from studios in Dhaka.It is normally on air for 18 hours a day. BTVs regional studios in Chittagong produce a small amount of regional news and programming for Southeastern Bangladesh. This replaces national network programming in Chittagong for up to two hours every night. In January 2011 BTV launched a third parliamentary channel, BTV Sangsad. This broadcasts proceedings from parliament and discussion programmes about important national topics. The channel is on air for three hours per day whenever parliament is in session. BTV also runs an international channel, BTV World.This broadcasts by satellite 24 hours a day to Asia, Australasia and the Middle East. Terrestrial TV channels can easily be taken off air by the authorities as Ekushey TV discovered to its cost in 2002. Ekushey was shut down for four years by an incoming Bangladesh National Party (BNP) government which perceived the station as being overtly in favour of the opposition Awami League. It only resumed broadcasting on satellite in 2006 Ekusheys experience has made other TV channels wary of terrestrial broadcasting. Type text 54Unlike radio stations, which are licensed by the Ministry of Information, TV channels in Bangladesh are regulated by the Bangladesh Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (BTRC). They require a permission to broadcast letter from the Ministry of Information, but BTRC issues their license. Television stations Bangladesh Television (BTV) www. btv. gov. bd Bangladesh TV (BTV) is the national state TV network. Its main channel is the most watched TV channel in Bangladesh, largely because it is the only TV channel that can be received without a satellite dish in rural areas.BTV claims that its transmitter network covers 95% of the population. Its main channel is on air for 18 hours per day from 07. 00 to 01. 00. BTV also operates a small regional television station in the South-eastern port city of Chittagong. This broadcasts up to two hours of local programmes in the evening. In 2004, BTV launched an international satellite channel BTV World. This broadcasts round the clock and can be seen throughout Asia and the Middle East. Its latest venture is a parliamentary channel, BTV Sangsad. Type text 55Launched in January 2011, BTV Sangsad broadcasts for three hours per day whenever parliament is in session. It carries parliamentary debates and discussion programmes on topics of national importance. Most BTV programmes are in Bangla, but some are in English. According to the 2011 Nielsen Media and Demographic Survey, the proportion of TV viewers who tune in to BTV is higher in rural areas (92%) than in urban areas (80%). However, the same survey indicated that BTVs audience has declined across the board in recent years in the face of competition from private TV channels.The Nielsen survey ranked Ittyadi, a magazine entertainment programme as BTVs most popular programme. BTVs flagship evening news programme in Bang la scores high ratings and its Friday night movies are also very popular. State television started broadcasting in East Pakistan in 1964. BTV was created after Bangladesh declared independence from Pakistan in 1971. BTV has transmitters in Dhaka and Chittagong and relay stations in the following locations Natore Sylhet Khulna Rangpur Mymenshingh Rangamati Noakhali Type text 56Shatkhira Jhenidah Thakurgaon Brahmanbaria Patuakhali Rajshahi Ukhia Type text 57 BTV transmitters and relay stations Source BTV website Type text 58 Director General Kazi Abu Zafar Muhammad Hasan Siddiqi Tel +880 2 9330131-9 +880 2 9330036-39 Email emailprotected gov. bd emailprotected net. bd Address Bangladesh Television, Television Bhaban, Rampura, Dhaka-1219 BTV Chittagong www. btv. gov. bd, BTVs Chittagong sub-station airs its own, locally produced programmes from 17. 30 to 19. 10 pm every day. This segment of local programming includes a 10-minute regional news bulletin.The Chittagong studios also prod uce short dramas and cultural programmes. Their quality is said to have improved since 2010. General Manager BTV Chittagong Tel +880 31 611751 Email emailprotected gov. bd Address BTV, 27, Nasirabad Housing Society, Road No. 3, Chittagong BTV Worldwww. btv. gov. bd, BTV World is the international satellite channel of BTV. It began broadcasting in 2004 and is on air 24 hours a day. Type text 59 Most of it the programmes are identical to those of BTVs domestic service broadcast by terrestrial transmitters. BTV World is broadcast on AsiaSat 3S.Its footprint extends from the Sea of Japan in the east to Cyprus in the West, and from New Zealand-Australia in the South to Siberia in the North. Director General Kazi Abu Zafar Mohammad Hassan Siddiqui Tel +880 2 933 0131-6 +880 2 933 0036-8 Email emailprotected gov. bd Address BTV World, TV Bhaban, Rampura, Dhaka-1219 , Sangsad TVwww. btv.